Outside the laboratory, cognition, and, more specifically, attentional demands, are of course far less quantized and our visual world is more continuous and dynamic. Such an approach has, however, shifted the focus of research away from the continuous nature of thought, and attention, as described by James ( 1890) in the quote above. Second, as behavior and response times are inherently noisy (Carpenter, 1991), experiments repeated the same stimuli, allowing for averaging to occur, to get a more stable estimate of the participants’ performance. In both cases the next trial had to be prepared and this necessitated a pause in the experiment, the so called inter-trial interval. First, it is a result of the apparatus used: the tachistoscope and then later on the personal computer. The origins of the trial as a fundamental plank of the field’s methodology is two-fold. In almost all branches of experimental psychology, including studies of attention, behavior is tested in short, apparently uncorrelated, snapshots. One constraint that has determined the focus of effort by attention researchers has been the ubiquitous use of the experimental trial. Despite the huge progress that has been made in understanding this fundamental cognitive capacity (Allport, 1993 Posner, 2016) many questions remain unanswered and under researched. 451).Īttention has been a central topic of psychology since before the birth of the modern discipline (James, 1890). But at intervals an obstruction, a set-back, a log-jam occurs, stops the current, creates an eddy, and makes things temporarily move the other way.” James ( 1890, p. On the whole, easy simple flowing predominates in it, the drift of things is with the pull of gravity, and effortless attention is the rule. “The stream of our thought is like a river. The study explored the extent to which attention in cinema is governed by narrative and the audio-visual features of the film, using a dual-task methodology to measure attention. Audiences appear to find media a compelling experience that effortlessly holds their attention for long periods of time therefore, studying how attention works by watching how people watch media is an important research topic. Add to this that a full 80% of Americans also spend large amounts of time watching media over the Internet (Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2013) and this shows that attention paid to visual media is of wide public interest. People in the USA may spend over half their leisure time watching film and TV (Chamorro-Premuzic, Kallias, & Hsu, 2013), with worldwide cinema box office revenues at US$30 billion. This study shows the importance of narrative in determining attention and the value of studying attention with a prolonged stimulus such as film. The regression model successfully predicted 28% of the variance in choice RT: 13% was due to low-level saliency, and 8% due to the narrative. The influence of narrative was then compared to the contribution of low-level features (extracted using a computer-based saliency model) in a multiple regression analysis predicting choice RT. ![]() In order to explore the role of narrative on attention, we manipulated the order that film segments were presented. In this experiment, participants performed a secondary auditory choice reaction time (RT) task to measure attention while watching a film. To engage audiences over prolonged periods of time, narrative structure is used. To achieve short-term engagement, filmmakers make use of low-level cinematic techniques such as color, movement and sound design to influence attention. Attention in the “real world” fluctuates over time, but these fluctuations are hard to examine using a timed trial-based experimental paradigm.
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